Estradiol suppressed psoriatic inflammation in mice by regulating neutrophil and macrophage functions. (2022)
From the article:
The team tested conditional knockout mice, or cko mice, with ovaries removed but supplemented with estradiol pellets or a placebo. In contrast to wild-type mice, the cko mice without the natural ovarian hormones estradiol showed symptoms of severe skin inflammation.
Once these mice were given estradiol, the production of IL-17A and IL-1β cytokines in neutrophil and macrophage immune cells was reversed, reducing the inflammation. This effect was also observed in human neutrophils in vitro.
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What intrigued the researchers was how the lack of estrogen receptors in immune cells made estradiol ineffective against the cytokines.