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“Distinct phases of COVID-19 determine treatment protocols "You want to enhance the immune system at the beginning so that it gets rid of the virus. But notice that all the things that work late, like steroids, suppress the immune system."”

“The mouthwashes and oral rinses were similarly effective, with some products inactivating more than 99.9 percent of virus after 30 seconds and some inactivating 99.99 percent of the virus after 30 seconds. They found no benefit from using the saline nasal rinse.”

“T cells kill virus-infected cells and present viral fragments to B cells, which in turn produce antibodies against the virus. Some T cells, known as memory T cells, are long-lived and persist in the body to defend against future attacks by the same virus or related viruses.”

“A team of scientists recently identified several epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a crucial step in vaccine development strategies. Epitopes are regions on viral proteins that immune cells bind to drive a targeted immune response.”

“Vector vaccines use an altered version of a virus to deliver instructions, in the form of genetic material, to induce antibody production against a different virus. Vector vaccines have been used safely against a variety of viral illnesses, including influenza, hepatitis, and others.”

“The second person with HIV that received a stem cell transplant that replaced their white blood cells with HIV-resistant versions appears to be free of the HIV virus after treatment. The research is too early to say whether they have been completely cured of the virus but so far seems promising.”

“Neutralizing activity against the alpha, beta, iota, and gamma variants was also ten times greater at 12 months compared to vaccinated individuals who have never had the virus. This means the immune system will react strongly if a vaccinated convalescent individual catches one of the viral variants.”

“Mother-to-child transmission of disease, also known as vertical transmission, can occur during pregnancy. Several viruses, including hepatitis B, herpes varicella-zoster (chickenpox), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can be passed via vertical transmission.”

“Antibodies defend cells from bacteria and viruses by neutralizing pathogens' biological effects. Antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, are important tools in treating or even preventing the disease.”

“They collected a blood sample from participants before inoculation with the poliovirus vaccine and four weeks after. The researchers measured the concentration of antibodies against the RdRp protein and the ability of those antibodies to inhibit the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using immunoassays.”