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“Thermal stress including hot water immersion (to improve blood flow via heat) and cold water immersion (to reduce soreness and inflammation). In addition to temperature, the hydrostatic pressure of water has an added benefit for recovery.”

“Blood pressure is determined in part by the amount of resistance in our blood vessels. During exercise, the muscles release metabolites that cause our blood vessels to dilate (relax), lowering vascular resistance.”

“Blood flow restriction (BFR) involves using a compressive cuff to partially reduce arterial blood flow and restrict venous return. It enhances muscle hypertrophy and improves skeletal muscle endurance.”

“For example, vitamin D deficiency in the setting of COVID-19 can lead to over-expression of renin (an enzyme produced in the kidneys) and subsequent activation of the renin-angiotensin-system, a critical regulator of blood pressure, inflammation, and body fluid homeostasis.”

“The mechanisms that drive the effects of sauna bathing include activation of heat shock proteins and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines; decreased blood pressure and arterial stiffness; and multiple improvements in cardiovascular function.”

“Dr. Michael Grandner describes this as the "mind after midnight"— being awake past our normal bedtime biases us toward reward-seeking, negative affect, and weaker executive control, helping explain not only late-night eating (a preference for energy-dense, high-fat, and high-sugar foods) but other impulsive behaviors that occur at this time.”