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“However, the cross-sectional area (a measure of hypertrophy) of the Achilles' tendons in the group that took the collagen peptides increased 11 percent versus only 4.7 percent in the group that took the placebo.”

“Although this was a small study, and the researchers only analyzed one sample of each product, the findings align with previous work that identified banned products, such as ephedra and caffeine quantities that differed from those identified on the label in athletic performance supplements.”

“The authors of the meta-analysis evaluated evidence gleaned from 40 randomized clinical trials investigating the effects of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) on cardiovascular outcomes in more than 135,000 people.”

“In the first part of the experiment, they gave mice that had colitis THC by mouth (10 milligrams per kilogram body weight) or a placebo treatment twice weekly for nine weeks. They then measured inflammation and cancer development in the colonic tissue of the mice.”

“Humans cannot produce Neu5Gc so the body recognizes it as foreign and produces antibodies against it called “anti-Neu5Gc IgG.” Research has demonstrated a link between high anti-Neu5Gc IgG levels and increased colon cancer risk; however, no direct correlation between diet and blood levels of anti-Neu5Gc IgG has been shown.”

“In a second experiment, they used diabetic and non-diabetic strains of knockout mice, whose genomes do not contain the gene FoxO3a, a regulator of aging that may slow cellular senescence.”

“SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, gains entry to cells via various receptor proteins, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), CD26, CD147, and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), among others.”

“The gut microbiota, the community of microorganisms that live in the digestive tract, consume nutrients from the diet that are not absorbed by the host and produce multi-purpose compounds such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA).”

“Gut microbes metabolize food, supplements, and medications and produce compounds such as short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, which are absorbed into the bloodstream and facilitate communication between the microbiota and host.”

“The authors recruited 18 healthy adults and randomly assigned them to consume eight ounces of either kefir (i.e., a fermented dairy beverage with 12 strains of active bacteria) or low-fat lactose-free milk daily for four weeks.”