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“Genetic predisposition, altered glucose uptake in the brain, high blood pressure, and other factors can weaken the barrier's integrity, allowing endotoxins and inflammatory immune cells to infiltrate the brain and increasing a person's risk for dementia.”

“A four-week pilot study in people with type 2 diabetes reported improved insulin-stimulated glucose disposal after oral alpha-lipoic acid, while a three-week randomized trial found that intravenous 600 milligrams per day reduced diabetic neuropathy symptoms.”

“Animal studies indicate that omega-3 deficiency may also reduce GLUT1 transporters in the brain. Other studies suggest that omega-3 supplementation reduces VCAM1 levels – a protein elevated with normal aging, which could be related to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.”

“Approximately 25 percent of people living in the United States carry a genetic variant of this lipoprotein called APOE4, which is associated with higher circulating levels of LDL cholesterol and an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease.”

“Breast milk contains a diverse and highly complex community of microbes that come from a variety of sources. Exposure to this community may contribute to the differences observed in gut microbial populations between breastfed and formula-fed infants. In this clip, Dr. Rhonda Patrick describes the unique community of microbes present in human breast milk.”

“Practicing the skills they acquire with resources available in the community — a personal trainer or a group class will allow them to reap the benefits of exercise. People are encouraged to try a variety of activities, which can improve their enjoyment and compliance.”

“Another study suggests that intermittent fasting combined with exercise training increased serum ketone levels, increased the number of mitochondria in muscle cells, and improved endurance. In this clip, Dr. Mark Mattson describes how fasting and exercise work together to promote brain health.”

“Dr. Patrick treats magnesium L-threonate separately. Early human findings are limited by small studies, industry funding, and products that sometimes include coingredients, making it difficult to attribute effects to L-threonate alone.”

“Unique qualities of the marine omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA There are several omega-3 fatty acids, but the ones that have the greatest relevance for human health are the two identified in the Inuit's blood – EPA and DHA – as well as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is found in a wide variety of seeds, nuts, and their oils.”

“In this clip, Dr. Dominic D'Agostino explains the interrelationship between ketones and lactate as sources of energy for the brain and the role ketones may have in reducing oxidative stress through greater energetic efficiency.”