Q&A #10 with Dr. Rhonda Patrick (4/4/2020)

        00:04:10 - The mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathology. [1](https://www.cell.com/trends/molecular-medicine/fulltext/S1471-4914(20)30065-4)
00:07:00 - How coronaviruses infect immune cells and initially inhibit interferon and activation of the innate immune pathway. [1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12781535) , [2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16760397) , [3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860669)
00:09:05 - Some descriptions of SARS-CoV2 symptoms in adults vs children. [1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32031570) , [2](https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2020/03/16/peds.2020-0702.full.pdf)
00:11:10 - What is a cytokine storm and how initial activation of the innate immune system may help prevent it.
00:13:40 - Some published data on genetic susceptibilities to sepsis and cytokine storms. [1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556453/) , [2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14610481)
00:15:12 - Vitamin D normalizes the renin-angiotensin-system system and could be protective of COVID-19. 
00:21:55 - SARS-CoV-1 infection has been shown to downregulate cellular ACE2 expression levels and this may be involved in disease severity. [1](https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.043919-0)
00:23:51 - How loss of ACE2 function has been shown to exacerbate acute lung injury and inflammation in lungs. [1](https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajplung.00498.2016)
00:26:00 - Vitamin D halved the risk of acute respiratory infection in people with the lowest baseline vitamin D levels and reduced by 10% in people with adequate vitamin D. [1](https://www.bmj.com/content/356/bmj.i6583)
00:29:03 - Vitamin D reduced lung injury in mice by actually increasing ACE2 receptor levels in infected mice. The infected mice experienced a decrease in ACE2R and this exacerbated lung injury but vitamin D normalized this. Vitamin D did not increase ACE2 levels above what was found in normal non-infected mice. [1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5865875/)
00:36:32 - Vitamin C is critical to the immune system and could possibly be protective during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic.
00:40:30 - Vitamin C deficient mice were more likely to die from the flu. [1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700397)
00:49:40 - Dosing vitamin D supplementation.
00:53:53 - Intravenous vitamin C is currently being trialed for treatment for COVID-19 around the world.
01:02:15 - What I personally do to boost my immune system during this pandemic.
01:05:25 - Thiamine supplementation for protection from SARS-CoV2 via riboswitches.
01:11:10 - High vitamin C supplementation is associated with a theoretical small increased risk of kidney stones. [1](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272638615011634) , [2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15579526)
01:15:00 - Supplementation I give to my toddler.
01:18:00 - Do non-caloric artificial sweeteners negatively impact the microbiome?
01:22:35 - Monitoring sleep duration and quality for improving health
01:26:22 - How sauna use plays a role in boosting the immune system via heat shock proteins.