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“The participants visited a nearby city to complete a computerized tomography (CT) scan of their heads to measure brain volume. The researchers compared these results to brain volume measurements from participants in the United States and Europe.”

“A key limitation is that brain metabolism was measured only once, so the study cannot show when the differences emerged or how they changed over time. The effects were also small, and brain metabolism measures can vary widely among children, which may make subtle differences harder to detect.”

“From the article: > This exercise significantly reduced age-related pericyte loss in the brain cortex and improved other indicators of dysfunction of the vascular system and blood-brain barrier.”

“Interestingly, the association between low vitamin D concentrations and older brain age was only statistically significant for male participants. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stored in the liver and fatty tissues of the body.”

“The other half took a 90-minute walk in an urban area where there were busy streets and heavy traffic. To rule out any physiological effects of exercise on brain health and function, both groups wore monitors to measure their heart rate and respirations.”

“The stem cells decreased the innate immune response to injury which helped preserve the blood-brain barrier and improve long-term outcomes by lowering microglial cell activation that occurs in response to the brain injury.”

“Sleep preps the brain so that it can assimilate new information and lay down the framework for new memory traces. Areas of the brain that show high degrees of activity during intensive learning continue to show activity later during periods of sleep.”

“Days later the mice had aggregates of alpha-synuclein in their intestines that had spread via the vagus nerve to the brain. Months later their brains had many alpha-synuclein aggregates in their brains that negatively affected their motor function.”

“An 8-week exercise intervention that included cycling and walking increased blood flow to brain regions involved in motor control and reward processes and improved dopamine-related brain function in overweight and obese individuals.”

“A decrease in two types of brain waves generated in the hippocampus during sleep was associated with higher brain levels of tau and amyloid-beta which are two key pathological features of Alzheimer's disease.”