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“There was an interesting study published last year showing that obesity causes epigenetic changes and decreases activation of genes involved in learning and memory in humans. Obese men had sperm DNA that is different from sperm DNA in lean men in 300 genes and many are in the brain affecting learning/memory.”

“In fact, the prevalence of reported consumption of sugary foods, such as chocolate, sweets, candies, pastries, cakes, or cookies, was 29% lower when compared with the control group, perhaps due to increased satiety hormones.”

“In the control group, which did NOT have their brain aging normalized by vitamins, the brain deterioration included >50% losses of neurons, 36% loss in brain mass and a 2-fold reduction in metabolism and blood flow. Pretty gnarly, right?”

“Serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels increased significantly more in the high dose group (from 27 ng/ml to 52 ng/ml) than the low dose group (24 ng/ml to 34 ng/ml). What is interesting is that even though 34 ng/ml is considered sufficient, it still was not enough to improve visual memory.”

“A recent study found people who drank 24 ounces of a sugary beverage daily (but not sugary foods) were 2x as likely to die from heart disease than people that consumed less than one ounce.”

“Interestingly, castration does not cause Parkinson's like symptoms in male mice deficient in iNOS gene, indicating that loss of testosterone causes symptoms via increased nitric oxide production."”

“Here's an interesting report that didn't make it into this issue of the Digest. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) form in foods when their sugars, amino acids, and fats encounter heat.”

“One potential caveat is the meal was composed of refined carbohydrates and sugars (ie. cornflakes, bread with jam). It would be interesting to see if the same results hold true for either a high-fat meal or a meal rich in fiber (ie.”

“While this is an interesting association and the study does account or some other lifestyle factors, it still does not establish causation. Other studies have shown that men that drank a refined sugar beverage for 3 weeks had a 100% increase in biomarkers for inflammation.”

“Mothers who frequently took acetaminophen (Tylenol) while pregnant were ~six times more likely to have a girl with language delays compared to mothers that took none. Frequently was defined as more than 6 times during pregnancy.”