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“Findings from a recent study suggest that aerobic physical activity improves working memory and promotes the production of BDNF in adolescent girls. BDNF, or brain-derived neurotrophic factor, is a growth factor that controls and promotes the growth of new neurons.”

“An easy take-home message: Aerobic exercise at 70 to 80 percent of maximum heart rate for 40 minutes or more may be critical for boosting brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) – a growth factor that controls and promotes the growth of new neurons.”

“The basal ganglia comprise clusters of neurons located deep within the cerebral hemispheres, at the base of the forebrain and the top of the midbrain. They participate in a wide range of cognitive, motor, and emotive functions.”

“However, they also posited that the impairments were due to reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) – a cell signaling protein that plays key roles in a number of signaling pathways.”

“The study involved 43 patients (average age 58 years) who had been diagnosed with cerebral small vessel disease, as evidenced by having experienced a stroke or demonstrating mild cognitive impairment.”

“Some of the mechanisms that drive the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain include increases in brain volume and connectivity, improved blood flow, enhanced synaptic plasticity, and increased neurogenesis – the formation of new neurons.”

“They assessed the participants' fatigue, attention, anxiety, and other aspects of work performance and mental health status. They also measured serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a type of neurotrophin – or growth factor – that controls and promotes the growth of new neurons.”

“Some of the mechanisms that drive the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain include increases in brain volume and connectivity, improved blood flow, enhanced synaptic plasticity, and increased neurogenesis – the formation of new neurons.”

“There are three types of ketones produced in the body: acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. Ketones are readily used as energy by a diverse array of cell types, including neurons.”

“At the end of the six-month period, the parents and children completed personality assessments and provided reports about the children's behavior, especially externalizing behavior (such as fighting or lying) and internalizing behavior, such as depression, anxiety, and withdrawal.”