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Biological aging clocks use DNA methylation patterns and other biomarkers to estimate different dimensions of biological aging, including how old the body appears at the molecular level, how quickly aging-related changes are accumulating, and whether lifestyle or medical interventions may be changing the trajectory of aging.
“While aerobic exercise is often viewed preferentially through the lens of cardiovascular health, the diverse cascade of biological effects from exercise as a whole — and aerobic exercise, in particular — culminate to make it one of the most formidable and immediately practical real-world interventions for human aging and the brain.”
“Caloric restriction, a potent inducer of autophagy, extends lifespan in many organisms but also reduces the risk of many age-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and brain atrophy – likely attributable to the beneficial effects of autophagy.”
“Assessments of episodic memory based on a battery of cognitive tests demonstrated that the rate of cognitive decline experienced by healthy, older people who had amyloid-beta protein accumulation in their brain and who were APOE4 and BDNF Met carriers was roughly three times the rate of decline among those carrying only the BDNF Val allele (the more common form of the gene that retains valine).”
“A mouse study demonstrated that oral berberine (50 or 100 mg/kg/bw per day) reversed the depression-inducing effects of corticosterone injection by upregulating hippocampal synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor – a type of protein that acts on neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems and may be important for the antidepressant response.”
“However, two small, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiments in which participants received BHB supplements (as ketone salt or ketone monoester) found that various markers of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, including caspase-1 and interleukin 1-beta, increased, suggesting that the ketones may have unintended proinflammatory effects.”
“Researchers evaluated the effects of these changes in a study involving 37 men and women who practiced voluntary long-term caloric restriction (approximately 30 percent of habitual intake) for 3 to 15 years, compared to sedentary and fit people eating a traditional Western diet.”
“The analysis pooled data from 23 studies comprising 606 participants and determined the mean difference of neuromuscular performance (jump performance and sprint times), subjective measures of fatigue, muscle soreness, and biochemical markers, following either cold water immersion or passive recovery performed no less than 24-hours post-exercise stressor.”
“The study involved 112 women between the ages of 39 and 59 years who were assigned to take a placebo (500 milligrams of cellulose) or a commercial product (containing 300 milligrams of hydrolyzed type II collagen, 100 milligrams of chondroitin sulfate, and 50 milligrams of hyaluronic acid) twice a day for 12 weeks.”
“Creatine improves vascular health To investigate creatine's effects on blood vessel health—specifically by measuring the ability of arteries and small blood vessels to increase in size to accommodate blood flow (known as endothelial function)—one study recruited 12 healthy men and women with an average age of 59 and supplemented them with creatine or a placebo for 28 days each.”