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“When this happens, lithium becomes trapped inside plaques instead of remaining available to brain cells, where it could help regulate inflammation, communication between neurons, and limit harmful changes to tau, a structural protein that helps stabilize neurons.”

“Autophagy and neurological health Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and energy deficits in dopaminergic neurons in the brain, may be due in part to mitophagy failure.”

“Neurogenesis is the process of forming new neurons. It is essential during embryonic development, but also continues in certain brain regions throughout human lifespan to facilitate learning and memory formation.”

“They proceeded to shut down excitatory neurons in a specific area of the transgenic mice brains, which re-established the "excitatory/inhibitory" balance and which "instantaneously reversed the abnormal social dominance," says Duke-NUS post-doctoral research fellow Dr. Shawn Pang Hao Tan, who was the first author of the paper.”

“Notably, the brains of the treated animals also exhibited restored BDNF gene expression, enhanced cell size, improved cell signaling, and activation of function in neurons that would otherwise have degenerated, compared to untreated animals.”

“The neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain and the aggregation of alpha synuclein, a type of protein.”

“Chronic brain inflammation is increasingly recognized as a contributor to neurodegeneration. Experimental studies also show that omega-3s influence processes such as the generation of new neurons and the stability and function of neuronal membranes.”

“Sulforaphane appears to enhance brain derived neurotrophic factor (a protein that controls and promotes the growth of new neurons) and inhibits histone deacetylation (an epigenetic modification that influences gene expression).”

“Eight weeks after the transplant, the mice that received microbial samples from the old mice demonstrated increased neurogenesis – the process of forming new neurons – in the hippocampus region of their brains.”

“Glyphosate-exposed Alzheimer's-prone mice had lower survival rates, more difficulty in spatial memory tasks, and increased markers of Alzheimer's pathology, including larger and more numerous amyloid-beta plaques and higher levels of phosphorylated tau protein.”