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“However, two small, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiments in which participants received BHB supplements (as ketone salt or ketone monoester) found that various markers of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, including caspase-1 and interleukin 1-beta, increased, suggesting that the ketones may have unintended proinflammatory effects.”

“Interestingly, a recent randomized controlled trial showed that pregnant women who supplemented with 600 milligrams of DHA during their third trimester had sons with larger total brain volumes, total gray matter, corpus callosum, and cortical volumes when compared to boys born to mothers who took a placebo.”

“In addition, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial involving people diagnosed with mild-to-moderate dementia due to Alzheimer's disease found that participants who took a resveratrol supplement twice a day (up to 1 gram) for one year exhibited reduced levels of MMP9, a neurological inflammatory marker associated with increased neurodegeneration and inflammation.”

“A 12-month randomized controlled trial found that vitamin D supplementation improved cognitive function, intelligence quotient scores, telomere length, and lowered oxidative stress markers in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (compared to placebo), suggesting that not only does vitamin D supplementation improve biomarkers of aging, but also functional outcomes.”

“Using isotope tracers that allowed them to distinguish NAD+ made directly from NR or NMN versus NAD made from nicotinamide, NR, or NMN, they found that a low oral dose of the precursors (50 milligrams per kilogram body weight, mg/kg/bw) produced very low levels of NAD+ made directly from NR and NMN in the liver but not in other tissues.”

“When we engage in high-intensity exercise, our muscles become mini biochemical laboratories, synthesizing compounds like lactate and myokines that circulate throughout the body and travel to our organs, where they exert a variety of signaling effects, including the synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain.”

“People who consumed at least four cups of coffee per day had a 64% lower risk of all-cause mortality than those who never or almost never consumed coffee. There was a 22% lower risk of all-cause mortality for each two additional cups of coffee per day.”

“A new study examined how cardiovascular risk factors that can and cannot be changed relate to both plaque number and structure across the coronary arteries, the main vessels supplying the heart with blood.”

“Increased intestinal permeability (also known as "leaky gut") – a condition in which gaps form between the tight junctions that join enterocytes – allows pathogens to leak through the intestinal barrier and pass directly into the bloodstream, promoting inflammation through a specialized mechanism involving detection by toll-like receptors.”

“DAMPs such as HMG-1 bind to TLR4 and receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) on cells at the blood-brain barrier to induce an immune response that initially inhibits the deposition of amyloid-beta, a key feature of Alzheimer's disease progression.”