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“Much of the body's magnesium is sequestered in the bones and muscles, so determining whether you're getting enough is tough. Blood tests aren't particularly accurate and are best for identifying severe deficiencies.”

“As a starting point, Dr. Attia suggests people consume just enough protein to maintain and grow muscle mass. The oral glucose tolerance test, which monitors glucose and insulin levels, can be used to determine carbohydrate limits.”

“Muscle is a "glucose sink," and engaging more skeletal muscle means more glucose uptake and less glucose in the bloodstream. Exercise enhances glucose uptake independent of insulin, also by increasing GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface in muscles.”

“In athletes, skeletal muscle is constantly being remodeled and may serve as a source of glucogenic amino acids. In this clip, Dr. Dominic D'Agostino describes how gluconeogenesis fills an important role during ketosis to maintain a basal level of glucose.”

“While some evidence indicates that some magnesium absorption occurs via the skin, the extent and clinical relevance of such absorption are still under investigation. Despite anecdotal claims about Epsom salts' benefits for muscle cramps and skin health, robust scientific proof is limited.”

“Exercise is essential in preventing age-related physical and mental decline. Sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal muscle tissue with age, is one of the most important causes of functional decline and loss of independence in older adults.”

“Creatine is a nitrogen-containing compound that is produced in the liver and kidneys and is stored in the brain and muscles. It plays essential roles in the recycling of ATP and is widely used as a dietary supplement to build and maintain muscle mass.”

“Exercise promotes the release of insulin-like growth factor-1 and its downstream targets, growth hormone and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, to drive muscle and neuron growth. Sauna use increases these factors, too, and when used post-exercise, may have a synergistic effect to improve cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurological health.”

“Dr. Schoenfeld says the situation is likely more complex and nuanced. For example, a marathon runner will have difficulty with hypertrophy, probably due to overtraining rather than intracellular signaling negatively affecting muscle development.”

“For example, exercise increases muscle growth. However, this growth only occurs following a period of rest, during which new mitochondria are produced. Switching between challenge and rest is critical for the body to reap the benefits of mild stress such as fasting.”