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“Neurogenesis is essential during embryonic development but continues in certain brain regions throughout the human lifespan. In particular, areas within the hypothalamus and the olfactory bulb serve as "neurogenic niches," where nascent neurons can undergo differentiation and integration.”

“Glutamine synthetase, an enzyme that maintains the brain's balance of glutamate and glutamine. Preserving this balance is crucial in protecting neurons from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and subsequent neuronal damage.”

“Astroglia, star-shaped cells with many arms, connect the endothelium and pericytes of the vascular system to neurons in the CNS. This multicell structure and its many sets of connecting membranes is called a neurovascular unit and serves the purpose of nutrient and waste exchange while providing many points of regulation to prevent neuronal damage.”

“For example, daily oral administration of berberine at 20, 50, or 80 milligrams per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg/bw) prevented damage to dopaminergic neurons and improved short-term memory in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.”

“Scientists have long believed that poor nighttime sleep drives the daytime sleepiness often experienced by people with Alzheimer's disease. However, findings from a recent study suggest that the loss of wake-promoting neurons in the brain promotes daytime sleepiness in people with Alzheimer's disease.”

“RBM3 binds to RNA to increase protein synthesis at neuronal dendrites, a part of the neuron that communicates with synapses, thus facilitating the regeneration of damaged neurons. See the section "Cold exposure affects aspects of brain function" below for more information about RBM3.”

“The high blood glucose levels associated with insulin resistance induce glucotoxicity, which causes structural damage and functional impairments of neuronal cells. Learn more about the effects of insulin resistance in the brain in this clip featuring Dr. Dale Bredesen.”

“Because of its unique chemical structure, melatonin can cross the blood-brain barrier and gain access to neurons and mitochondria, where it directly neutralizes reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species—free radicals that cause central nervous system oxidative stress and inflammation.”

“Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the early development of dopamine-producing neurons, shedding light on the potential neurodevelopmental origins of schizophrenia.”

“In the nucleus accumbens, fewer dopamine D1 receptor neurons showed signs of activity. Electrical recordings showed that these D1 neurons received fewer activating inputs and weaker inhibitory signals from surrounding cells.”