Neuron Tag

Estrogens may act on distinct hypothalamic neurons to regulate energy homeostasis and reproduction, mouse study suggests. (2011) www.sciencedaily.com

Brain Obesity Metabolism Hormones Estrogen Neuron Metabolic Syndrome

From the article:

“When women approach menopause, they gain weight in fat and their energy expenditure goes down,” says Deborah Clegg of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Estrogen levels decline and women grow increasingly susceptible to obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Estrogen acts on receptors found throughout the body, in fat, on ovaries and in muscle. But when it comes to the hormone’s influence on metabolism, Clegg suspected receptors in the brain.

[…]

The researchers showed female mice lacking ERα [estrogen receptor-α (ERα)] in one part of the brain (the hypothalamic steroidogenic factor-1 or SF1 neurons) gained weight without eating any more. Loss of ERα from another brain area (the hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin or POMC neurons) had the opposite effect: animals ate more without gaining weight. Loss of ERα receptors in those same neurons also led to various problems in ovulation and fertility.

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Gut bacteria may alter the aging process of the human brain through the production of butyrate www.sciencedaily.com

Brain Gut Aging Microbiome Neuron Fatty Liver Neurons Neurogenesis Butyrate

The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms that is subject to change throughout an individual’s lifespan in response to the aging process. Findings from a new study demonstrate that altering the gut microbial population may alter the aging process of the human brain.

The authors of the study transplanted gut microbiota samples from healthy young or old mice into young germ-free mice. Eight weeks after the transplant, the mice that received microbial samples from the old mice demonstrated increased neurogenesis – the process of forming new neurons – in the hippocampus region of their brains.

Further analysis revealed that these mice also had larger numbers of butyrate-producing microbes in their colons. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, is produced during bacterial fermentation in the human colon and has wide-ranging effects on human physiology. In this study, butyrate was associated with an increase in growth factors and subsequent activation of key longevity signaling pathways in the livers of the recipient mice. When butyrate alone was given to the recipient mice it promoted neurogenesis, as well.

The findings from this study may have relevance for dietary interventions to maintain or improve brain health.

Link to full study.

Betaine reduces β-amyloid-induced paralysis in an Alzheimer model of Caenorhabditis elegans | Genes & Nutrition | Full Text genesandnutrition.biomedcentral.com

Brain Alzheimer's Neuron Neurons Homocysteine

Full Title: Betaine reduces β-amyloid-induced paralysis through activation of cystathionine-β-synthase in an Alzheimer model of Caenorhabditis elegans

Betaine at a concentration of 100 μM was able to reduce homocysteine levels in the presence and absence of 1 mM homocysteine. Simultaneously, betaine both reduced normal paralysis rates in the absence of homocysteine and increased paralysis rates triggered by addition of homocysteine. Knockdown of cystathionine-β-synthase using RNA interference both increased homocysteine levels and paralysis. Additionally, it prevented the reducing effects of betaine on homocysteine levels and paralysis.

Our studies show that betaine is able to reduce homocysteine levels and β-amyloid-induced toxicity in a C. elegans model for Alzheimer’s disease. This effect is independent of the remethylation pathway but requires the transsulfuration pathway mediated by cystathionine-β-synthase.

Nutrient-induced Mitochondrial Activation (NiMA): A Novel Lysosome-to-Mitochondria Signaling Pathway Disrupted by Amyloid-β Oligomers papers.ssrn.com

Nutrition Alzheimer's Metabolism Mitochondria Neuron Insulin Neurons Protein

The mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are incompletely understood. We show that activation of lysosomal mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by insulin or amino acids stimulates mitochondrial activity and regulates mitochondrial DNA synthesis in neurons. Amyloid-β oligomers, which are precursors of amyloid plaques in AD brain and stimulate mTORC1 protein kinase activity at the plasma membrane, but not at lysosomes, block this nutrient-induced mitochondrial activity (NiMA) by a mechanism dependent on tau, which forms neurofibrillary tangles in AD brain. NiMA was also disrupted in fibroblasts derived from a patient with tuberous sclerosis complex, a genetic disorder that causes dysregulation of lysosomal mTORC1. Thus, lysosomal mTORC1 couples nutrient availability to mitochondrial activity, and links mitochondrial dysfunction to AD by a mechanism dependent on soluble building blocks of plaques and tangles. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3188445

Cell-Autonomous Regulation of Astrocyte Activation by the Circadian Clock Protein BMAL1 papers.ssrn.com

Brain Aging Circadian Rhythm Neuron Glutathione Neurons Protein

Abstract

Circadian clock dysfunction is a common symptom of aging and neurodegenerative diseases, though its impact on brain health is poorly understood. Astrocyte activation occurs in response to diverse insults, and plays a critical role in brain health and disease. We report that the core clock protein BMAL1 regulates astrogliosis in a synergistic manner via a cell-autonomous mechanism, and via a lesser non-cell-autonomous signal from neurons. Astrocyte-specific Bmal1 deletion induces astrocyte activation in vitro and in vivo, mediated in part by suppression of glutathione-s-transferase signaling. Functionally, loss of Bmal1 in astrocytes promotes neuronal death in vitro. Our results demonstrate that the core clock protein BMAL1 regulates astrocyte activation and function in vivo, elucidating a novel mechanism by which the circadian clock could influence many aspects of brain function and neurologic disease.

Whole Coffee Fruit Concentrate – Amping Up Growth Hormone for Brain Cells - See more at: http://www.drperlmutter.com/coffee-fruit-concentrate-and-brai www.drperlmutter.com

Brain Neuron Neurons

But now there is even more excitement in terms of BDNF. A novel nutritional supplement, whole coffee fruit concentrate, has recently been shown to have a dramatic effect, in humans, in terms of raising BDNF. In a recent report in Food and Nutrition Sciences, researchers demonstrated how whole coffee fruit concentrate (WCFC) affected BDNF levels in humans. The study involved 20 young adults (25-35 years) who were asked to consume whole coffee fruit concentrate powder followed by blood evaluations of their BDNF levels. Remarkably, BDNF levels actually doubled in those individuals taking the whole coffee fruit concentrate in comparison to those who were given coffee or a placebo. - See more at: http://www.drperlmutter.com/coffee-fruit-concentrate-and-brain-cells/#sthash.g9l4Ss72.dpuf

heat-shock protein response in the brains of both young and aged rats supplemented with blueberry extract www.neurobiologyofaging.org

Brain Neuron Neurons Antioxidant Protein

(From Life Extension.com/magazine) In a 2005 article published in the journal Neurobiology of Aging, Rachel Galli and her colleagues, also based at Tufts, reported discovering a specific mechanism by which blueberries help reverse the neurological aging process.16 The Galli study—which included Drs. Joseph and Shukitt-Hale as co-investigators—sought to measure the heat-shock protein response in the brains of both young and aged rats supplemented with blueberry extract compared to a control group of aged rats. A protective mechanism produced in the brains of most animals (and humans), heat-shock proteins fight free radicals and inflammation-inducing agents, acting similarly to antioxidants to support healthy brain tissues. As people age, however, their ability to generate heat-shock proteins in sufficient quantity declines,17 sometimes dramatically. The Tufts researchers sought to determine whether blueberries could help restore the heat-shock protein response in rats.16

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