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“A commonly observed behavior among mammals is the so-called "sickness behavior," where a person or animal that is sick will retreat, avoiding food and contact. This abstention from food induces autophagy and may serve as a means to modulate the body's inflammatory response.”

“For example, while vitamin C acts primarily as an antioxidant at physiological concentrations of approximately 50 micromoles per liter, pharmacologic doses of intravenous vitamin C greater than 1 gram generate hydrogen peroxide, a type of reactive oxygen species produced by neutrophils to destroy pathogens such as viruses.”

“Elevated biomarkers of inflammation, which are commonly observed in people who have depression, chronically activate the body's inflammatory response system, promoting the development of depressive symptoms and inducing changes in brain and neuroendocrine function.”

“Insulin-like growth factor-1, or IGF-1 for short, is a protein that plays critical roles in major growth pathways in the human body. It influences nearly every tissue in the body, especially developmental growth, skeletal muscle and neurons.”

“The immune system has strategies for filtering these autoimmune cells out of circulation; however, this filter can malfunction due to age, genetic predisposition, disruption of the gut barrier and gut microbiota, or other environmental exposures.”

Dr. Rhonda Patrick answers audience questions on various health, nutrition, and science topics in this Q&A session.

“Whereas fasting turns off multiple pathways associated with aging, such as mTOR, IGF-1, growth hormone, and others, eating for optimal fitness activates these important processes. This Aliquot features Drs. Guido Kroemer, Dominic D'Agostino, Valter Longo, Peter Attia, and Rhonda Patrick.”

“For example, Mendelian randomization studies, which provide evidence of links between modifiable risk factors and disease based on genetic variants within a population, have found that not only are some people genetically predisposed to engage in more physical activity, but they are also less likely to suffer from depression.”

“In this 45-minute podcast, Dr. Patrick answers some of the most popular questions related to fasting, including: What effects coffee, supplements, and amino acids have on fasting. Whether one method of fasting is more beneficial than others.”

“Scientists have also identified interesting links between depression and obesity – likely mediated by elevated inflammation, since fat cells produce a wide array of inflammatory factors. In this Aliquot segment, psychiatrist Dr. Charles Raison describes the links between inflammation and depression.”