Berberine
“Berberine pharmacokinetics Berberine undergoes extensive metabolism in the intestine due to active efflux of the compound via p-glycoproteins, a class of transporters involved in the clearance of xenobiotic substances, such as drugs, toxins, and polyphenols. Consequently, oral berberine demonstrates notably poor bioavailability – as low as 1 percent or less – in rodent studies.”