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“Eating a typical Western diet – high in processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages – raises blood glucose and insulin levels, promotes inflammation, and contributes to many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.”

“These changes drive processes that improve cellular respiration, reduce inflammation, enhance memory, and provide protection from cancer – critical aspects in slowing the effects of aging and promoting longevity. Part II of this three-part Aliquot features Dr. Dominic D'Agostino, an expert in ketosis; Dr. Eric Verdin, an expert in aging; and Dr. Valter Longo, an expert in gerontology.”

“Although some evidence suggests that black, caffeinated coffee or tea may have little effect on the beneficial effects associated with time-restricted eating, experts in the field of circadian biology suggest a more conservative approach that permits coffee and tea only during the designated window of eating.”

“In a 12-week randomized crossover trial, a modified ketogenic diet produced sustained physiological ketosis and improved daily function and quality of life compared with a usual diet supplemented with low-fat healthy-eating guidance.”

“The volunteers engaged in aerobic high-intensity interval training (cycling at >90% of peak oxygen consumption) for 3 days and 2 days per week of treadmill walking (45 min at 70% of VO2 peak) or strength training.”

“Time-restricted eating – a term coined by Dr. Panda and his colleagues – has been adopted by the popular press as a form of intermittent fasting. It does not explicitly involve reducing calories but rather is an eating pattern wherein a person confines the time of day that they eat to a limited window and fasts for the remainder of the day.”

“The majority of glutamine administered orally is taken up by the liver and gut, with little ending up in the bloodstream. Dr. D'Agostino discourages supplementing with glutamine for patients with cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and even recommends they avoid high glutamine containing foods.”

“Cholesterol-lowering drugs can act at several points in the body's handling of lipoproteins. Dr. Rhonda Patrick compares PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid, and ezetimibe, focusing on how they reduce circulating LDL and apoB-containing particles.”

“A systematic review and meta-analysis found no evidence that one time of day produces universally better improvements in health or performance, although gains can be larger when the time of training matches the time of testing.”

“Insulin-like growth factor-1, or IGF-1 for short, is a protein that plays critical roles in major growth pathways in the human body. It influences nearly every tissue in the body, especially developmental growth, skeletal muscle and neurons.”