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Dr. Rhonda Patrick answers audience questions on various health, nutrition, and science topics in this Q&A session.

“Whereas its link to diabetes is well known, what is likely underappreciated is that refined sugar may be linked to as many as 200,000 deaths worldwide each year from diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer combined. Refined sugar also affects the brain.”

“One hypothesis is that DNA repair enzymes, known as PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase), might be using up more NAD+ to fix the accumulated DNA damage that occurs with age. Alternately, the cellular pathway that recycles NAD+ may decline in performance with age.”

“In this episode, Rhonda gives a summary of the science of resveratrol including its effects in animals and humans, the mechanisms behind how it works, and the bottom line on resveratrol supplementation and safety. A few key moments... For a more in-depth timeline, as well as references for this episode, click the timeline tab. Learn more about resveratrol on our overview page”

“Not only is salmon roe a good source of DHA, it also provides protein, vitamins, minerals, and astaxanthin – an antioxidant compound that gives salmon its reddish or pinkish tint. In human studies, astaxanthin reduces biomarkers of oxidative stress.”

“Sauna use is associated with reduced risk of many diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. One mechanism that drives this reduced risk is likely heat shock proteins, a class of proteins produced by cells in response to stressful conditions such as heat exposure.”

“Ultimately, we all have to weigh the merits and the trade-offs of portable devices for ourselves and our children individually, but it might mean holding out on the tablet until they're a little older, setting rules around it, and certainly demonstrating our own self-discipline in their use.”

“Although scientists have identified other lifestyle behaviors that can help prevent the build-up of amyloid plaques by boosting the capacity for glymphatic clearance – such as exercise and adequate intake of omega-3 – the most important factor by far is a good night's sleep, especially deep sleep.”

“When most people think about certain lifestyle factors that affect insulin sensitivity and blood glucose levels, they think about macronutrient composition, or calories, or fasting, or exercise (and lack of), but they don’t often think about sleep.”

“Based on findings from more recent studies using stable isotopes, which more accurately assess muscle protein anabolism and catabolism, Dr. Phillips believes that eating 1.2 to 1.6 grams of protein per kilogram of bodyweight (about 0.5 to 0.7 grams per pound) is likely optimal for muscle protein synthesis, especially as one ages.”