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“On the other hand, for people interested in fat loss, breath acetone is a non-invasive tool for estimating fat loss. Dr. D'Agostino describes how he uses the Glucose Ketone Index – a single value biomarker representing the glucose-to-ketone ratio in the blood.”

“It has attracted interest for its potential to activate mitophagy, the process cells use to clear out damaged mitochondria. In this Aliquot, I explain why mitochondrial cleanup matters for aging, why urolithin A production varies, and what early human studies suggest about its potential benefits.”

“A recent study identified the branched-chain amino acid leucine as the primary amino acid sensor for mTOR. Interestingly, branched-chain amino acids have been favored by bodybuilders because of their ability to enhance muscle growth.”

“Early discoveries in aging research revealed that sirtuins, a class of enzymes that control gene expression, modulate lifespan by mimicking the effects of calorie restriction – the chronic reduction of energy intake.”

“Topics include hair regrowth in androgenic alopecia, pain reduction in rheumatoid arthritis with notable results but occasional study design concerns and conflicts of interest, muscle endurance, post-exercise muscle recovery, wound healing, and skin wrinkling.”

“A mouse study demonstrated that oral berberine (50 or 100 mg/kg/bw per day) reversed the depression-inducing effects of corticosterone injection by upregulating hippocampal synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor – a type of protein that acts on neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems and may be important for the antidepressant response.”

“Interestingly, in a biological feedback response that occurs after dynorphin binds to the kappa-opioid receptor, the brain produces more mu-opioid receptors, sensitizing them to endorphin and future endorphin exposure, a process known as the Salvinorin A pathway.”

“Elevated biomarkers of inflammation, which are commonly observed in people who have depression, chronically activate the body's inflammatory response system, promoting the development of depressive symptoms and inducing changes in brain and neuroendocrine function.”

“Interestingly, most people harbor latent herpes virus infections, and some evidence suggests that reactivation of the latent virus in the brain, particularly in APOE4 carriers, might increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.”

“The subtypes vary in their causes and manifestation, but the underlying pathological features – the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles in the brain – are the same. Interestingly, amyloid-beta is both a friend and a foe, serving as a neuroprotectant in some scenarios.”